Influence of probe position in the measurement of muscle thickness and its association with lean mass: an ultrasound study / Influencia de la posición de la sonda en la medición del grosor muscular y su asociación con la masa magra: un estudio ecográfico

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscles play a fundamental role in people's lives and their evaluation provides significant information on health. Different tools have been used to evaluate muscle mass, and the evaluation of muscle thickness (MT) using ultrasound has been included as an alternative, which can be performed with the probe in different positions; however, these could present differences. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in the measurement of MT in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle using the probe in the longitudinal or transverse position, and to determine its association with the lean mass of the lower limbs. The results indicated no significant differences between MT measurements with the probe in the longitudinal and transverse positions (p =0.084). However, when associating these measurements with lower limb lean mass, it was found that transverse measurements had a strong association (r =0.547; p < 0.001), while longitudinal measurements had a moderate association (r =0.351; p =0.007). This suggests that measurements with the probe positioned transversely to measure the MT would be the best option. Therefore, it could be useful as an indicator of lower limb lean mass in the absence of tools, such as bioelectrical bioimpedance or magnetic nuclear resonance.

El músculo esquelético cumple un rol fundamental en la vida de las personas, y su evaluación entrega mucha información de la salud. Se han utilizado diferentes herramientas para evaluar la masa muscular, y el último tiempo se ha incluido la evaluación del grosor muscular (MT) a través de la ecografía como una alternativa para estimarla, las cuales se pueden realizar con la sonda en distintas posiciones, sin embargo, estas podrían presentar diferencias. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar si existen diferencias en la medición de MT en el músculo vasto lateral (VL) utilizando la sonda en posición longitudinal o transversal y determinar su asociación con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores. Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre las mediciones de MT con la sonda en posición longitudinal y transversal (valor p: 0.084). Sin embargo, al asociar estas mediciones con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores, se encontró que las mediciones transversales poseen una asociación fuerte (r: 0.547; valor p < 0.001), mientras que las mediciones longitudinales presentan una asociación moderada (r: 0.351; valor p: 0.007). Esto sugiere que las mediciones con la sonda posicionada transversal para medir MT serían la mejor opción. Por lo tanto, podría ser de utilidad como un indicador de masa magra de los miembros inferiores en caso de no contar con herramientas como la bioimpedancia bioeléctrica o resonancia nuclear magnética.

Efecto de diferentes condiciones y modos de aplicación sobre la fuerza de unión de los adhesivos a la dentinaEffect of different conditions and modes of application on bond strength of adhesives to dentine / Effect of different conditions and modes of application on bond strength of adhesives to dentine

Objective: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength in different dentine conditions (etched-E, non-etched-N, dry-D and wet-W) of a multimode adhesive (Scotchbond Universal-SU, 3M/ESPE) and a total etching adhesive (Ambar-AB, FGM) using a sonic device (Smart Sonic Device-SD, FGM). Material and methods: In this in vitro study, ninety six sound extracted human molars were divided into 12 groups (n=8) according to different dentine conditions and adhesive systems. Enamel was removed and the middle dentine surfaces were polished. Each adhesive system was applied according to the different dentine conditions, and composite resin blocks were incrementally built up and stored for 24 hours. Specimens were sectioned into sticks and bond strength data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: No effects of sonic application and were observed. In general, AB showed lower results compared to the SU. E and N conditions did not statistically affect the bond strength of SU groups. Dry dentine presented statistically superior bond strength values when compared to wet dentine for SU/E/SD group. Conclusion: Adhesion of dry dentine with multimode adhesive system may be superior to wet dentine with sonic application. The modes of application had no influence in bond strength of studied adhesives.

Objetivo: Evaluar la resistencia de la unión microtensil en diferentes condiciones de dentina (grabado-E, sin grabado-N, seco-D y húmedo-W) de un adhesivo multimodo (Scotchbond Universal-SU, 3M/ESPE) y un adhesivo de grabado total (Ambar-AB, FGM) utilizando un dispositivo sónico (Smart Sonic Device-SD, FGM). Material y Métodos: En este estudio in vitro, noventa y seis molares humanos extraídos sanos se dividieron en 12 grupos (n=8) de acuerdo con diferentes condiciones de dentina y sistemas adhesivos. Se eliminó el esmalte y se pulieron las superficies centrales de la dentina. Cada sistema adhesivo se aplicó de acuerdo con las diferentes condiciones de dentina, y los bloques de resina compuesta se acumularon de forma incremental y se almacenaron durante 24h. Las muestras se seccionaron en barras y los datos de resistencia de la unión se analizaron con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. Resultado: No se observaron efectos de la aplicación sónica. En general, AB mostró resultados más bajos en comparación con el SU. Las condiciones E y N no afectaron estadísticamente la fuerza de unión de los grupos SU. La dentina seca presentó valores de fuerza de adhesión estadísticamente superiores en comparación con la dentina húmeda para el grupo SU/E/SD. Conclusión: La adhesión de la dentina seca con un sistema adhesivo multimodo puede ser superior a la dentina húmeda con aplicación sónica. Los modos de aplicación no tuvieron influencia en la resistencia de la unión de los adhesivos estudiados.

The short-term outcomes of non-contact low frequency ultrasonic debridement in treating periprosthetic joint infections:a prospective single-arm clinical study / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the short-term outcomes of non-contact low-frequency ultrasonic debridement in treating periprosthetic joint infections(PJI). Methods: The clinical data of patients with PJI who met the eligibility criteria and were treated with non-contact low-frequency ultrasonic debridement from August 2021 to January 2022 at the Department of Orthopaedics,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were prospectively analyzed. PJI was defined according to the modified Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria in 2016. After mechanical debridement,an 8-mm handheld non-contact low-frequency ultrasound probe was used for ultrasonic debridement in the whole surgical area at a frequency of (25±5)kHz and power of 90% for 5 minutes. Each ultrasound lasted 10 seconds with 3-second intervals. The probe was repeatedly sonicated among all soft tissue,bone interface and metal prosthesis surface(patients underwent debridement,antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR)) in the surgical area. The femoral canal of the hip joint,the distal femoral canal and the posterior capsule of the knee were fully sonicated with a special right-angle probe. Before and after ultrasonic debridement,20 ml of liquid was extracted from each operation area and injected into aerobic and anaerobic culture bottles,respectively,for pathogen culture. Harris hip score and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score were used to evaluate clinical function. Treatment failure was defined as the recurrence of infection in the same joint. The patients were routinely followed up in the outpatient clinic at 1,3,and 6 months postoperatively and then annually with a deadline of August 2022. The paired t-test,rank sum,Mann-Whitney U or χ2 test was used to compare the observed data,and rates among multiple groups were compared using the Bonferroni approach. Results: A total of 45 patients were included in the study,including 21 men and 24 women with age of (65.8±15.2)years(range: 20 to 80 years) and body mass index of (29.3±4.2)kg/m2(range: 20.2 to 38.5 kg/m2). Twenty-eight patients (18 hips and 10 knees) underwent one-stage revision,and 17 cases (5 hips and 12 knees) underwent DAIR. Three of the patients (6.7%) had recurrent infections during follow-up. There were no intraoperative complications related to ultrasonic debridement (neurovascular and muscle injury,poor wound healing and fat liquefaction). Seventeen patients who received DAIR were followed for a median(M(IQR)) of 9(3) months,and two relapsed 3 weeks and 3 months post-operation,respectively. In addition,28 patients who underwent one-stage revision were followed for a median of 9(2) months,and one of the patients (3.6%,1/28) had a recurrence 6 months post-operation. The culture-positive rate of preoperative aspiration was 47.6% (20/42). The data of intraoperative soft tissue culture was 86.7% (39/45). The culture-positive rate of wound liquid before ultrasonic debridement was 46.7% (21/45). And the culture-positive rate after ultrasonic debridement was (75.6% (34/45)). After sonication,the culture-positive rate of explanted prostheses was 88.9% (40/45). There was a significant difference in culture-positive rates among all five cultures (χ2=35.483,P<0.01). Further pairwise comparison showed that the culture-positive rate of wound liquid after ultrasonic debridement was higher than that before ultrasonic debridement (χ2=7.901,P=0.005) but was not significantly different from the positive rates of other cultures (all P>0.05). The median number of colonies 24 hours after ultrasonic debridement(2 240 (1 310) CFU/ml,range: 310 to 3 140 CFU/ml) was significantly higher than that before debridement(450 (550) CFU/ml,range: 10 to 910 CFU/ml) (U=43, P=0.017). The post-operative Harris ((78.6±4.2)points,range:70.5 to 85.3 points) and HSS scores((76.4±4.8)points,range: 68.5 to 84.3 points) were significantly higher than the preoperative scores((46.0±9.8)points,range: 27.5 to 64.3 points;and (45.5±10.3)points,range: 27.6 to 63.1 points) (t=-14.6,t=-12.7;both P<0.01). Conclusions: Non-contact low-frequency ultrasonic debridement can increase the culture-positive rate and lead to a favorable short-term outcome. In addition,no complications are associated with using this new technique to treat PJI.

Efectividad de tres métodos de desobturación sobre modelos réplica / Effectiveness of three unsealing methods on replica models

El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia de remoción del material de obturación y el tiempo empleado para la desobturación con tres métodos diferentes, en modelos réplica. Se utilizaron 24 modelos réplica de premolares inferiores instrumentados con sistema Protaper Gold hasta F4, irrigación NaOCl 2,5% y ED-TAC 17%. Obturación termoplastizada sistema Fast Pack Pro. La muestra (n=24) se dividió aleatoriamen-te en tres grupos experimentales (n=8) sometidos a distintos métodos de desobturación. Grupo 1: fresas Gates Glidden II/III y limas Hedstroem. Grupo 2: lima Medium sistema Wave One Gold y punta ultrasóni-ca Ultra X, (Eighteeth). Grupo 3: lima Rotate 35/04 y punta ultrasónica R1 Clearsonic, (Helse). Se midió el tiempo de desobturación. Las piezas se radiogra-fiaron con radiovisiógrafo digital RVG 5200 (Cares-tream), y fueron procesadas con software Image-J. Al analizar cantidad de material de obturación rema-nente, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05), mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos 2 y 3. Grupo 1 no mostró diferencias signifi-cativas con los otros dos (p>0,05). Al analizar tiempo de desobturación, el test de Kruskal-Wallis no deter-minó diferencias significativas entre grupos 1 y 2 (p>0,05), el grupo 3 tuvo diferencias estadísticamen-te significativas con los grupos 1 y 2 (p<0,05). En con-clusión, ninguno de los sistemas de desobturación evaluados logró eliminar la totalidad del material de obturación. El que combinó limas rotatorias con punta ultrasónica de retratamiento fue el que mos-tró mayor efectividad de remoción y demandó menor tiempo de trabajo (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of obturation material removal and the time that the procedure took, when performing the retreatment with three different methods, in replica models of mandibular premolars. Materials and methods: 24 replica models of lower premolars instrumented with Protaper Gold system up to F4, 2.5% NaOCl irrigation and 17% ED-TAC were used. Thermoplastized sealing with Fast Pack Pro system. The sample (n=24) was randomly divided in three experimental groups (n=8) subjected to different unsealing methods. Group 1: Gates Glid-den burs II and III and Hedstroem files. Group 2: Wave One Gold Medium file system and Ultra X ultra-sonic tip, (Eighteeth). Group 3: Rotate 35/04 file and R1 Clearsonic ultrasonic tip (Helse). Unsealing time was measured. The samples were radiographed with a digital radiovisiograph RVG 5200 (Carestream), and processed with Image-J software. When analyzing the amount of remaining filling material, Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences be-tween groups 2 and 3 (p<0,05). Group 1 did not show significant differences with the other two (p>0,05). When analyzing unsealing time, Kruskal-Wallis test determined that there were no significant differ-ences between groups 1 and 2 (p>0,05), but group 3 had statistically significant differences with the other two (p<0.05). None of the unsealing systems evalu-ated managed to eliminate all of the sealing material. The group that combined rotary files with ultrasonic retreatment tip showed the greatest removal effec-tiveness and required less work time (AU)

Effect of two methods of irrigant agitation on the temperature and cleanliness of sodium hypochlorite associated or not with a chelator: irrigant agitation and influence in temperature

Aim: This study investigated the influence in vitro of different sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) agitation protocols associated or not with DualRinse (HEDP) on the temperature of the solution. Methods: Forty-eight premolars were instrumented and their apical third sealed to allow a closed irrigation system. The teeth remained immersed in a basin of warm water (37°C). The teeth were divided into the groups: G1 (NaOCl+Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI)), G2 (NaOCl/HEDP + PUI), G3 (NaOCl + EasyClean (EC)) and G4 (NaOCl/HEDP + EC). The canals were filled with the respective solutions and after 180 seconds the first temperature measurement was taken (T0). Then, the solutions were agitated, following the different protocols, for 60 seconds and a new measurement was performed (T60). The temperature was measured using a digital thermometer for type "K" sensors that was inserted into the middle third of the teeth. At the end of the measurements, the teeth were sectioned and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The dentinal wall of middle third was graded according to the amount of debris and smear layer remaining on the walls. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple comparisons (p<0.05). Results: G1 and G2 had an average increase in temperature of 1.1°C and 1.65°C, respectively (p>0.05). EasyClean caused a decrease in the temperature of the solutions in both groups, without a significant statistical difference with T0 (p>0.05). Regarding cleaning, it was only possible to observe clean dentinal tubules in the groups with the chelator. PUI discretely increased the temperature of the solution, regardless of the solution. The opposite effect was observed after activation with EasyClean. Conclusion: The association of NaOCl with a chelating agent promoted the cleaning of the dentinal tubules

Comparison between carotid ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis in patients with cerebral infarction / Comparación entre la ecografía carotídea y la angiografía por sustracción digital en el diagnostic de estenosis de la arteria carótida en pacientes con infarto cerebral

SUMMARY: This study aimed to compare the clinical value of carotid ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for carotid artery stenosis in patients with cerebral infarction. Sixty patients with cerebral infarction underwent carotid ultrasound and DSA. Carotid artery stenosis, degree of stenosis (mild, moderate, severe, and occlusion), and carotid artery plaques were recorded and compared. Carotid stenosis rate was 96.67 % (58/60) and 91.67 % (55/60) on DSA and carotid ultrasound, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant. Mild, moderate, and severe carotid artery stenosis and occlusion were diagnosed in 35, 28, 20, and 17 arteries, respectively, with DSA, and in 39, 25, 10, and 9 arteries, respectively, with carotid ultrasound. There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of carotid stenosis between the two methods (p<0.05). The kappa value of carotid plaques detected by carotid ultrasound and DSA was 0.776, indicating good consistency. Both carotid ultrasound and DSA are effective for screening carotid artery stenosis and carotid atherosclerotic plaques. While carotid ultrasound is faster and more convenient, DSA can more accurately detect the degree of stenosis and presence of occlusion. Thus, our recommendation is a combination of carotid ultrasound and DSA in clinical settings to improve the convenience and accuracy of diagnosis.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar el valor clínico de la ecografía carotídea y la angiografía por sustracción digital (DSA) para la estenosis de la arteria carótida en pacientes con infarto cerebral. Sesenta pacientes con infarto cerebral fueron sometidos a ecografía carotídea y DSA. Se registraron y compararon la estenosis de la arteria carótida, el grado de estenosis (leve, moderada, grave y oclusión) y las placas de la arteria carótida. La tasa de estenosis carotídea fue del 96,67 % (58/60) y del 91,67 % (55/60) en DSA y ecografía carotídea, respectivamente, y la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Se diagnosticaron estenosis y oclusión de la arteria carótida leve, moderada y grave en 35, 28, 20 y 17 arterias, respectivamente, con DSA, y en 39, 25, 10 y 9 arterias, respectivamente, con ecografía carotídea. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el grado de estenosis carotídea entre los dos métodos (p<0,05). El valor kappa de las placas carotídeas detectadas por ecografía carotídea y DSA fue de 0,776, lo que indica una buena consistencia. Tanto la ecografía carotídea como la DSA son eficaces para detectar la estenosis de la arteria carótida y las placas ateroscleróticas carotídeas. Si bien la ecografía carotídea es más rápida y conveniente, la DSA puede detectar con mayor precisión el grado de estenosis y la presencia de oclusión. Por lo tanto, nuestra recomendación es una combinación de ecografía carotídea y DSA en entornos clínicos para mejorar la conveniencia y precisión del diagnóstico.

Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (tens) e ultrassom para os sintomas da síndrome do intestino irritável: um estudo de caso / Transcutaneous nervous electrical stimulation (tens) and ultrasound for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a case study / Estimulación nerviosa eléctrica transcutánea (tens) y ultrasonido para los síntomas del síndrome del intestino irritable: un estudio de casos

Introdução: O intestino é um órgão vital, entretanto, seu mau funcionamento pode gerar alguns distúrbios como por exemplo, "A síndrome do intestino irritável". O quadro desses pacientes são dores na barriga, inchaço abdominal e alteração na frequência das evacuações e na consistência das fezes. A fisioterapia tem apresentado meios que favorecem analgesia. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS) e do Ultrassom (US) nos sintomas da síndrome do intestino irritável. Método: Foi utilizado o TENS na região abdominal, durante 15 minutos. O Ultrassom foi usado durante 3 minutos em cada região abdominal, somando 12 minutos ao total. O tratamento foi realizado durante um mês, com 9 sessões. Utilizou-se a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e o questionário Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). Resultados: Nos sintomas intestinais obteve-se progresso de 5 pontos no questionário IBDQ e nos sintomas emocionais houve uma evolução de 9 pontos, sendo este, estatisticamente significante. Na escala EVA a média de escore diminui de 5,6 para 3,6 ao final da intervenção. Conclusão: A intervenção fisioterapêutica surtiu efeitos positivos e contribuiu para a diminuição da dor e os outros sintomas como: inchaço abdominal e diminuição na quantidade de evacuações e essa evolução auxiliou na qualidade de vida do voluntário.

Introduction: The intestine is a vital organ, however, due to its malfunction, some disorders appear, for example, "The irritable bowel syndrome", patients with this syndrome experience pain in the belly, abdominal swelling, changes in the frequency of bowel movements and stool consistency. Physiotherapy uses means that help to cause analgesia. Objective: To verify the effects of TENS and Ultrasound on the symptoms of the individual with irritable bowel syndrome, contributing to the quality of life. Method: TENS was used in the abdominal region in Burst mode with a frequency of 150Hz with amplitude until it caused a slight contraction, for 15 minutes. Ultrasound was used in continuous mode with a frequency of 1MHZ, with a dose of 0.5w / cm2, for 3 minutes in each abdominal region, adding 12 minutes to the total. The treatment was carried out for one month, with 9 sessions. The EVA scale and the IBDQ questionnaire were used. Results: In the intestinal symptoms there was an improvement of 5 points in the IBDQ questionnaire and in the emotional aspect there was an improvement of 9 points and in the emotional aspect it was statistically significant, passing through the Wilcoxon test, P (est.) = 0.031 P (exact) ) = 0.031. On the EVA scale, the mean score before the intervention was 5.6 and at the end 3.6. Conclusion: The physical therapy intervention had positive effects, helping to reduce pain and other symptoms such as:abdominal swelling, decrease in the amount of bowel movements and this improvement helped the individual's emotional state, however a study on the subject is still necessary.

Introducción: El intestino es un órgano vital, sin embargo, su mal funcionamiento puede generar algunos trastornos como el "síndrome del intestino irritable". Los síntomas de estos pacientes son dolor de estómago, hinchazón abdominal y alteración de la frecuencia de las deposiciones y de la consistencia de las heces. La fisioterapia ha presentado medios que favorecen la analgesia. Objetivo: Verificar los efectos de la Estimulación Nerviosa Eléctrica Transcutánea (TENS) y el Ultrasonido (US) en los síntomas del síndrome del intestino irritable. Método: Se utilizó TENS en la región abdominal durante 15 minutos. Los ultrasonidos se utilizaron durante 3 minutos en cada región abdominal, sumando 12 minutos en total. El tratamiento se llevó a cabo durante un mes, con 9 sesiones. Se utilizaron la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) y el Cuestionario de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (IBDQ). Resultados: En los síntomas intestinales hubo una progresión de 5 puntos en el cuestionario IBDQ y en los síntomas emocionales hubo una evolución de 9 puntos, siendo esto, estadísticamente significativo. En la escala VAS, la puntuación media disminuyó de 5,6 a 3,6 al final de la intervención. Conclusión: La intervención fisioterapéutica tuvo efectos positivos y contribuyó a la reducción del dolor y de otros síntomas como: hinchazón abdominal y disminución de la cantidad de deposiciones y esta evolución ayudó a la calidad de vida del voluntario.

Diagnóstico de cuatro neoplasias primarias sincrónicas en un adulto / Diagnosis of four synchronous primary neoplasms in an adult

Paciente femenina de 72 años. Mediante estudios de imagen (ultrasonido y tomografía), se le identificó lesión en parénquima hepático, anexo derecho, peritoneo y apéndice cecal, y mediante estudio histopatológico se determinó la presencia concomitante de carcinoma hepatocelular de células claras, tumor mucinoso limítrofe de bajo potencial maligno o borderline, pseudomixoma peritoneal y neoplasia mucinosa de bajo grado del apéndice cecal, respectivamente. Debido a que las neoplasias reportadas no guardan relación con el mismo órgano ni con el sistema, se considera que son neoplasias aparecidas al azar y de tipo sincrónico por ser diagnosticadas en el mismo espacio temporal. Se practicó laparotomía exploradora con exéresis de lesión anexial y de apéndice cecal. La lesión hepática recibió quimioembilización transarte rial por radiología intervencionista. Posterior a la intervención quirúrgica, la paciente presenta buen estado general. En seguimiento con resonancia magnética se cataloga con persistencia de lesión hepática ya tratada, por lo tanto, con enfermedad estable; se refiere a oncología clínica para valoración de quimioterapia en el manejo del pseudomixoma peritoneal. Dieciocho meses después de los diagnósticos iniciales, se documenta carcinoma basocelular y se cataloga como neoplasia metacrónica por la diferencia de tiempo entre los diagnósticos

A 72-year-old female patient with a one-year history of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, colicky, radiating to the back, accompanied by adynamia and weight loss. Abdominal distension and a painful mass on palpation in the right hypochondrium were evidenced. Imaging studies identified different lesions in the hepatic parenchyma, right adnexa, peritoneum and cecal appendix. The histopathological study described the presence of clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma, borderline mucinous tumor of low malignant potential or borderline, peritoneal pseudomyxoma and low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the cecal appendix respectively, as synchronous neoplasms. An exploratory laparotomy was performed with excision of the adnexal lesion and the cecal appendix. The hepatic lesion received transarterial chemoembilization by interventional radiology. Follow-up with conservative management by clinical oncology was indicated. The patient evolved with good general condition, in the follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging was classified with persistence of stable hepatic lesion. Eighteen months after the diagnosis of synchronous neoplasms, basal cell carcinoma was identified, due to the difference in the time of diagnosis this is considered a metachronous neoplasm

Propolis from native Stingless Bees: ultrasound-assisted extraction / Propóleos de abejas nativas sin aguijón: extracción asistida por ultrasonido

BACKGROUND: Propolis has been considered a highly valuable material due to its therapeutic properties. However, in Colombia, the commercialization of propolis is limited not only by low production but also by the little knowledge about its efficient extraction. Therefore, finding an optimal and economical extraction method to obtain propolis is a necessity for beekeepers that would open new possibilities for industrial use and, therefore, for the market. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to evaluate a conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction method, seeking to obtain the highest yield and a high amount of content of bioactive compounds in propolis extracts. METHODS: The extraction was carried out for three crude propolis from different types of bees: Tetragoniscaangustula or Angelita (ANG), Meliponaeburnea or Melipona(MEL), and Scaptotrigonaspp (SCT). The extracts were characterized by color, pH, visual appearance, solid content, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and bacterial inhibition capacity. RESULTS: The highest extraction performance was obtained when the ultrasound-assisted method was used, especially for the ANG extract, which in addition to presenting inhibition for gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. Aureus) bacteria, had the best antioxidant activity with a value of 545 mg GAE / 100 g of sample and total polyphenol content of 1,884 mg GAE / 100 g of sample. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-assisted extraction can be considered a low-cost alternative to increase the extraction performance of crude propolis, together with its total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, without altering its physical properties

ANTECEDENTES: El propóleos ha sido considerado un material de alto valor por sus propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en Colombia la comercialización de propóleos está limitada no solo por la baja producción sino también por el incipiente conocimiento sobre la extracción eficiente de este. Por ello, encontrar un método de extracción óptimo y económico para la obtención de propóleos es una necesidad para los apicultores que abriría nuevas posibilidades para el uso industrial y por tanto para el mercado. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un método de extracción convencional y asistido por ultrasonido (US) buscando el mayor rendimiento y alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos en extractos de propóleos. MÉTODOS: La extracción se realizó para tres propóleos crudos de diferentes tipos de abejas Tetragonisca angustula o Angelita(ANG), Melipona eburnea o Melipona (MEL) y Scaptotrigona spp (SCT). Todos los extractos se caracterizaron por su color, pH, apariencia visual, contenido de sólidos, capacidad antioxidante, contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad de inhibición bacteriana. RESULTADOS: El mayor rendimiento de extracción se obtuvo cuando se usó el método asistido por ultrasonido y específicamente para el extracto ANG, que además de presentar inhibición para bacterias gram negativas (E. coli) y gram positivas (S. Aureus), tuvo la mejor actividad antioxidante con un valor de 545 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra y contenido total de polifenoles de 1884 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra. CONCLUSIONES: La extracción asistida por ultrasonido puede considerarse una alternativa de bajo costo para aumentar el rendimiento de extracción del propóleos crudo, así como su contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante sin alterar sus propiedades físicas

Alternativa rápida de extracción de ADN en quistes de Acanthamoeba para uso en el laboratorio de análisis clínicos / Rapid DNA extraction alternative in cysts of Acanthamoeba for use in clinical analysis laboratory

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la extracción de ADN de quistes de Acanthamoeba sp. con un método disponible comercialmente y cuatro no comerciales utilizando tratamiento térmico y ultrasonido para la amplificación por una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) convencional, reduciendo tiempos de preparación y extracción de las muestras, como una herramienta para el diagnóstico en el laboratorio clínico. Se utilizó una cepa de Acanthamoeba, genotipo T4, cultivada en agar no nutritivo. Los quistes para analizar, en tres períodos de enquistamiento, se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente. Se extrajo ADN mediante cinco métodos: pretratamiento térmico, ultrasonido y combinaciones de ellos. La PCR se llevó a cabo utilizando cebadores específicos JDP1/JDP2. La concentración y pureza del ADN extraído con los protocolos evaluados revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,0001). El método E (comercial), el A (térmico) y el B (ultrasonido) lograron los mejores rendimientos en la amplificación del fragmento específico de Acanthamoeba sp. por la PCR convencional.

Abstract The objective of the study was to compare the DNA extraction of Acanthamoeba sp. cysts with a commercially available method and four non-commercial ones, with heat and ultrasound treatment that allows amplification by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reducing sample preparation and extraction times, such as a tool for diagnosis in the clinical laboratory. To this aim, a strain of Acanthamoeba T4 grown on non-nutrient agar was used. Plates with cysts at three different encystation times were stored at room temperature until the study was carried out. DNA was extracted with five methods that included pretreatments (thermal and ultrasound) or combinations of them. PCR was performed using specific primers JDP1/JDP2. Concentration and purity of DNA revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.0001) between methods. Method E (commercial), method A (thermal) and B (ultrasound) got the best yields in amplifying the specific fragment of Acanthamoeba sp. by conventional PCR.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a extração de DNA de cistos de Acanthamoeba sp. com um método comercialmente disponível e quatro não comerciais utilizando tratamento térmico e ultrassom para amplificação por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) convencional, reduzindo os tempos de preparo e extração das amostras, como ferramenta para o diagnóstico no laboratório clínico. Foi utilizada uma cepa de Acanthamoeba, genótipo T4, cultivada em ágar não nutritivo. Os cistos para analisar foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente, correspondendo a três períodos de encistamento. O DNA foi extraído por cinco métodos: pré-tratamento térmico, ultrassom e combinações deles. A PCR foi realizada usando iniciadores específicos JDP1/JDP2. A concentração e a pureza do DNA extraído com os protocolos avaliados revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,0001). Os métodos E (comercial), A (térmico) e B (ultrassom) alcançaram os melhores rendimentos na amplificação do fragmento específico de Acanthamoeba sp. por PCR convencional.

Utilidad del índice de fibrosis hepática (IFH) medido durante la ultrasonografía endoscópica en la evaluación del parénquima pancreático / Usefulness of the Liver Fibrosis Index (LFI) Measured during Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Evaluating the Pancreatic Parenchyma

El ultrasonido endoscópico ha cambiado la evaluación de las enfermedades pancreáticas y ha logrado un diagnóstico histopatológico (cuando se asocia con la punción); sin embargo, este procedimiento requiere de entrenamiento, no está libre de complicaciones y alrededor de 25% de los pacientes puede tener falsos negativos. Por esto se ha implementado el uso de la elastografía cuantitativa con el strain ratio, el cual permite diferenciar las masas benignas de las malignas. Existe evidencia creciente, pero aún no conclusiva, dada la heterogeneidad de los resultados (sin consenso para su realización), por lo que es necesario desarrollar otros métodos, que permitan una mayor certeza diagnóstica, como el índice de fibrosis hepática (IFH) medido por ultrasonografía endoscópica, el cual tienen como base la inteligencia artificial, validado para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la fibrosis hepática. Nuestro grupo considera que se podría usar de la misma forma para valorar el parénquima pancreático. Objetivo: evaluar si el IFH puede diferenciar tres tipos diferentes de tejidos pancreáticos: páncreas normal, páncreas graso y cáncer de páncreas. Metodología: estudio prospectivo de corte transversal en un solo centro. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes mayores de 18 años, con indicación de ultrasonografía endoscópica. El grupo 1 fue de pacientes con indicación diferente a la enfermedad biliopancreática (55 pacientes). En este grupo se aplicó la escala de clasificación de páncreas graso por ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE), utilizando como referencia la ecogenicidad del bazo (previamente validada); este grupo se subdividió en uno con parénquima pancreático normal y en otro con páncreas graso. En el grupo 2 (11 pacientes) se incluyeron los pacientes llevados para el estudio de lesión sólida pancreática, con diagnóstico citológico positivo para carcinoma de páncreas. Como herramienta de recolección de datos se utilizó un formulario virtual de Google Drive, disponible con dirección acortada: shorturl.at/pIMWX, diligenciado antes y después del procedimiento por fellows de Gastroenterología, previamente entrenados para este fin. El IFH se tomó en el páncreas en tiempo real mediante un software suministrado por el fabricante (Hitachi-Noblus), en un período comprendido entre enero de 2019 y enero 2020. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una ecoendoscopia biliopancreática completa, con un ecoendoscopio Pentax lineal y procesador Hitachi-Noblus; luego se efectuó una elastografía cualitativa y una cuantitativa, la cual incluyó la medición del IFH. Resultados: en total se incluyeron 66 pacientes: 11 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado por citología de cáncer de páncreas y 55 pacientes que se enviaron para ecoendoscopia por evaluación de otras patologías diferentes a la biliopancreática. El rango de edad fue de 23-89, media de 56,75 años. El antecedente más frecuente fue la esteatosis o esteatohepatitis (n = 14) (25,45%). La indicación para la realización del procedimiento más frecuente fue la lesión subepitelial (n = 29) (52,73 %). Los porcentajes de pacientes según los grados de ecogenicidad del páncreas fueron de grado I (n = 29) (52,73 %); grado II (n = 5) (9,09 %); grado III (n = 18) (32,73 %); grado IV (n = 3) (5,45 %). Se tomaron los grados I y II como páncreas normal, y los grado III y IV como páncreas graso. Estos se dividieron en n = 34 pacientes (61,82 %) para páncreas normal y n = 21 (38 %) para páncreas graso; es decir, que de acuerdo con la escala utilizada hay una prevalencia para páncreas graso de 38,18 %. Se realizó el IFH en los tres subgrupos diferentes: los considerados como ecoendoscópicamente normales, los clasificados como páncreas graso y los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de páncreas confirmado por citología, tomado en el páncreas. El IFH para los tres diferentes grupos fueron, respectivamente, normal: IFH 2,60, rango 0,97-3,47 (IC 95 % 2,17-3,02); páncreas graso: IFH 3,87, rango 2-5,5 (IC 95 % 3,44-4,29); cáncer de páncreas: IFH 6,35, rango 5,8-7,8 (IC 95 % 5,92-6,77). Conclusiones: este es el primer estudio piloto que usa el IFH aplicado al parénquima pancreático, y se sugiere su utilidad para diferenciar, de manera no invasiva, el páncreas normal, el graso y el carcinoma de páncreas. Este hallazgo se debe confirmar en poblaciones más amplias y heterogéneas, con el fin de ser validado.

Abstract Endoscopic ultrasound has changed the evaluation of pancreatic diseases and has achieved a histopathological diagnosis (when associated with a puncture); however, this procedure requires training, is not free of complications, and around 25 % of patients may have false negatives. Therefore, quantitative elastography with the strain ratio has been implemented to differentiate benign masses from malignant ones. There is growing but not yet conclusive evidence, given the heterogeneity of the results (without consensus on its performance). It is necessary to develop other methods that allow for greater diagnostic certainty, such as the liver fibrosis index (LFI) measured by endoscopic ultrasonography. This method is based on artificial intelligence and validated for diagnosing and monitoring liver fibrosis. Our group considers that it could also be used to assess the pancreatic parenchyma. Aim: To evaluate whether the LFI can differentiate three types of pancreatic tissues: normal pancreas, fatty pancreas, and pancreatic cancer. Materials and methods: Prospective cross-sectional single-center study. We included sixty-six patients over 18 years of age with an indication for endoscopic ultrasonography. Group 1 consisted of patients with an indication other than the biliopancreatic disease (55 patients). The endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) fatty pancreas classification scale was applied to this group, taking the echogenicity of the spleen (previously validated) as a reference; this group was subdivided into normal pancreatic parenchyma and fatty pancreas. Group 2 (11 patients) included those examined for solid pancreatic lesions with a positive cytological diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. We used a Google Form as a data collection tool, available with a shortened address (shorturl.at/pIMWX). It was filled out before and after the procedure by Gastroenterology fellows, previously trained for this purpose. The LFI was measured in the pancreas in real-time using software supplied by the manufacturer (Hitachi Noblus) between January 2019 and January 2020. All patients underwent a complete biliopancreatic echoendoscopy, with a linear Pentax echoendoscope and Hitachi Noblus processor. Then, qualitative and quantitative elastography was performed, including LFI measurement. Results: We included a total of 66 patients: 11 with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer confirmed by cytology and 55 sent for ultrasound endoscopy due to pathologies other than the biliopancreatic disease. The age range was 23-89, with a mean of 56.75 years. The most frequent history was steatosis or steatohepatitis (n = 14) (25.45 %). The most frequent indication for performing the procedure was subepithelial lesion (n = 29) (52.73 %). The percentages of patients according to pancreatic echogenicity were Grade I (n = 29) (52.73 %); Grade II (n = 5) (9.09 %); Grade III (n = 18) (32.73 %); Grade IV (n = 3) (5.45 %). Grades I and II were taken as a normal pancreas and Grades III and IV as a fatty pancreas, divided into n = 34 patients (61.82 %) for a normal pancreas and n = 21 (38 %) for a fatty pancreas. According to the scale used, there is a fatty pancreas prevalence of 38.18 %. The LFI was measured in three subgroups: those considered endoscopically normal, those classified as fatty pancreas, and patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer confirmed by cytology taken from the pancreas. The LFI for these groups were, respectively, normal pancreas: LFI 2.60, range 0.97-3.47 (95 % CI 2.17-3.02); fatty pancreas: LFI 3.87, range 2-5.5 (95 % CI 3.44-4.29); pancreatic cancer: LFI 6.35, range 5.8-7.8 (95 % CI 5.92-6.77). Conclusions: This is the first pilot study that applies the LFI to the pancreatic parenchyma. It is useful in differentiating a normal pancreas, a fatty pancreas, and pancreatic carcinoma non-invasively. This finding must be validated in larger and more heterogeneous populations.

Rejuvenescimento periorbicular por indução ultrassônica: um estudo de casos / Periorbicular rejuvenation by ultrasonic induction: a report case

A blefaroplastia é atualmente o tratamento cirúrgico mais indicado na reversão dos efeitos do envelhecimento palpebral. Porém, a técnica é cara, extremamente invasiva, com recuperação pós-cirúrgica lenta e só pode ser realizada por cirurgiões em ambiente hospitalar. O ultrassom tem se mostrado um método seguro e eficaz no tratamento antienvelhecimento cutâneo, mas pouco se tem pesquisado sobre o efeito do ultrassom na dermatocalase. Este estudo piloto têm como objeto avaliar um emissor ultrassônico no tratamento de rejuvenescimento da região periorbicular. Trata-se uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva de estudo de casos, no qual foram avaliadas duas voluntárias submetidas a tratamento com ultrassom. Após as sessões, foi possível observar retomada de viço e redução de flacidez palpebral, com consequente minimização da dermatocalase e rugas adjacentes. O uso do ultrassom se mostrou satisfatório e eficaz, principalmente na remodelação na região acometida por dermatocalase. Além disso, a técnica apresenta melhor custo-benefício e recuperação pós-procedimento mais curta em relação a outras terapias atualmente empregadas para tratamento da região periorbital. (AU)

Processing tomato waste as a potential bioactive compounds source: phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and bioacessibility studies / Resíduo do processamento do tomate como potencial fonte de compostos bioativos: compostos fenólicos, capacidade antioxidante e bioacessibilidade

A comparative study was perfomed with conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction on tomato processing waste. Ultrasound extraction exhibited slightly higher phenolic and flavonoids content, as well as higher ABTS + radical scavenging capacity (4.63 mg GAE.g-1, 0.96 mg RUE.g-1 and 27.90 µmol TE.g -1 respectively). On both extracts, a high percentage of flavonoids was lost during simulated digestion, resulting on a bioacessibility of approximately 13 %. Extracts presented good stability during storage conditions, which indicates a possible technological application.

Foi realizado um estudo comparativo com a extração convencional e assistida por ultrassom em resíduos do processamento de tomate. A extração ultrassônica exibiu teor de fenólicos e flavonóides ligeiramente maiores, bem como maior capacidade antioxidante ABTS + (4,63 mg AG.g-1, 0,96 mg RUE.g-1 e 27,90 µmol TE.g -1, respectivamente). Em ambos os extratos, uma alta porcentagem de flavonóides foi perdida durante a digestão simulada, resultando em uma bioacessibilidade de aproximadamente 13%. Os extratos apresentaram boa estabilidade durante as condições de armazenamento, o que indica uma possível aplicação tecnológica.

Ultrasonido de los nervios periféricos de la extremidad inferior / Ultrasonido de los nervios periféricos de la extremidad inferior

Los recientes avances en los equipos de ultrasonido y de sus transductores han permitido la mayor competitividad del método, posicionándose como la primera opción sobre otras modalidades de imagen en la valoración de las enfermedades de los tendones y nervios, gracias al incremento en la resolución para visualizar y explorar los tendones y los nervios periféricos. El ultrasonido (US) se consideraba un complemento de la resonancia magnética (RM); sin embargo, con los equipos modernos, se ha convertido en la mejor modalidad diagnóstica para la revisión de los nervios periféricos, aceptada cada día más, debido a la rapidez, disponibilidad y la característica dinámica del método ecográfico. La desventaja principal es que depende del operador y que la experiencia de quien lo realiza es fundamental para su adquisición e interpretación. Este trabajo muestra una breve revisión de la técnica y de los marcadores anatómicos en la valoración de los nervios periféricos más comunes de la extremidad inferior.

Recent advances in ultrasound technology and the development of high-resolution ultrasound transducers have enabled detailed depiction of superficial musculoskeletal structures, tendons and nerves, allowing the method to become more competitive, positioning it as the first choice over other imaging modalities in the assessment of tendon and nerve diseases. While in the past considered as complementary to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, modern ultrasound has clearly become competitive. It is now the imaging modality of choice for evaluating tendon and neural pathology. The major advantages of ultrasound include dynamic evaluation of structures, low cost and wide availability. The main disadvantage is a high degree of operator dependency and the experience of the operator is essential for its acquisition and interpretation. This article reviews the technique and anatomical markers in the ultrasound appearance of the most common peripheral nerves of the lower limb.

Muscle architecture of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris in the production of knee extensor torque in physically inactive women

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to verify the data reliability of muscle architecture (MA) variables, and the relationship between MA and the isometric peak torque (PT) of the monoarticular and biarticular knee extensor (KE) muscle in physically inactive women. Methods: Ten physically inactive women (24.0 ± 1.64 years; 162.9 ± 5.34 cm; 63.5 ± 11.90 kg) participated in the study. An ultrasound device assessed the MA variables (muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle) of the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Rectus Femoris (RF), and an isokinetic dynamometer assessed the PT. Pearson correlation evaluated the relationship between PT and MA variables, with a significance level of 5%. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, and standard error of measurement. Results: Excellent reliability between images was observed, and no significant relationships were observed between the PT and MA variables of the VL and RF. Conclusion: Isolated variables of the MA of a monoarticular or a biarticular muscle do not influence the production of the isometric PT of the KE.

Ultrasound assessment of diaphragm thickness in athletes / Evaluación por ultrasonido del grosor del diafragma en atletas

SUMMARY: The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the aerobic and anaerobic performance of diaphragm thickness in athletes. That study was conducted with 15 team athletes (TA) (age 21.80 ± 2.40 years), 15 individual athletes (IA) (age 18.93 ± 2.31 years) and the control group (CON) 10 people living sedentary lifestyles (age 23.60 ± 2.91 years). In this study, diaphragm muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasonography), respiratory function (spirometry and maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP), aerobic capacity yo-yo intermittent endurance Test 1 (YYIET-1), and anaerobic power by Monark 834 E were assessed. The diaphragm thickness was determined from the intercostalspace between the 8th and 9th ribs at the expiration time by ultrasound and from the intercostal space between the 10th and 11th ribs at inspiration and then, the thickness of the diaphragm was measured from the diaphragm is seen best. There was a positive correlation between DiTins (r= 0.477) and DiTins-ex (r= 0.473) parameters of TA. In IA, there was a significant correlation between DiTins and DiTins-ex parameters and Peak Power (r= 0.495 and 0.435, respectively) and average power (r= 0.483 and 0.446, respectively). No significant correlation in all parameters of the CON group (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that athletes with high diaphragm thickness had higher anaerobic performance, and athletes with thinner diaphragm thickness had better VO2Max capacity. The diaphragm thickness of the athletes in individual branches was thicker than the team athletes, and their anaerobic performance was also higher.

RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue examinar la correlación entre el rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico del grosor del diaframa en atletas. Dicho estudio se realizó con 15 deportistas de equipo (TA) (edad 21,80 ± 2,40 años), 15 deportistas individuales (IA) (edad 18,93 ± 2,31 años) y el grupo control (CON) 10 personas con sedentarismo (edad 23,60 ± 2,91 años). Se midió, el grosor del diaframa (ultrasonografía en modo B), la función respiratoria (espirometría y presiones máximas inspiratorias (MIP) y espiratorias (MEP), prueba de resistencia intermitente yo- yo de capacidad aeróbica 1 (YYIET-1) y resistencia anaeróbica potencia por Monark 834 E. El grosor del diafragma se determinó a partir del espacio intercostal entre las costillas 8 y 9 en el momento de la espiración por ultrasonido y del espacio intercostal entre las costillas 10 y 11 en la inspiración. Hubo una correlación positiva entre los parámetros DiT ins (r= 0,477) y DiTins-ex (r= 0,473) de TA. En IA, hubo una correlación significativa entre los parámetros DiTins y DiTins-ex y el pico Potencia (r= 0,495 y 0,435, respectivamente) y potencia media (r= 0,483 y 0,446, respectivamente). No hubo correlación significativa en todos los parámetros del grupo CON (p<0,05). Como resultado, se determinó que los atletas con mayor espesor del diaframa tenían un mayor rendimiento anaeróbico, y los atletas con menor espesor del diaframa tenían una mejor capacidad de VO2Max. El grosor del diafragma de los atletas en ramas individuales fue mayor que el de los atletas de equipo, y su rendimiento anaeróbico también fue mayor.

Ambliopia severa na infância relacionada à persistência da vasculatura fetal / Severe childhood amblyopia associated to persistence of fetal vasculature

RESUMO A persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico, atualmente referida como persistência da vasculatura fetal, é uma anomalia congênita que resulta da não regressão do vítreo vascular primário e do sistema da artéria hialoide durante a embriogênese. Trata-se de uma anomalia unilateral na maioria dos casos, esporádica e comumente não associada a nenhum outro achado sistêmico. Clinicamente, essa condição pode ser classificada em persistência anterior e em persistência posterior da vasculatura fetal. A condição anterior está relacionada ao sistema da artéria ciliar, enquanto a persistência da vasculatura posterior associa-se à artéria hialoide e pode apresentar anormalidades, com desfecho visual desfavorável. A detecção da persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico é de suma importância, visto que é um diagnóstico diferencial para retinoblastoma. O relato de caso a seguir descreve o acompanhamento ambulatorial em um Serviço de Oftalmologia de uma criança do sexo masculino com persistência da vasculatura fetal unilateral e sem alterações sistêmicas.

ABSTRACT Hyperplastic primary vitreous persistence, currently referred to as fetal vasculature persistence, is a congenital anomaly that results from non-regression of the primary vascular vitreous and hyaloid artery system during embryogenesis. It is a unilateral anomaly in the vast majority of cases, sporadic and commonly not associated with any other systemic finding. Clinically, this condition can be classified into anterior and posterior persistence of fetal vasculature. The anterior condition is related to the ciliary artery system, while the persistence of the posterior vasculature is associated with the hyaloid artery, which may present abnormalities with an unfavorable visual outcome. Detecting persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is of paramount importance, as it is a differential diagnosis for retinoblastoma. The following case report describes the outpatient follow-up at the ophthalmology service of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) of a male child with persistent unilateral fetal vasculature and no systemic changes.